BERAJAH JOURNAL (ISSN: 2797-1805 | E-ISSN: 2797-1082) publishes articles about education and learning in general. Contains articles/research results written by experts, scientists, practitioners and reviewers in the fields of education and learning, as well as self-development in all social and scientific disciplines. BERAJAH JOURNAL accepts and publishes articles in Indonesian and English. Some of the scope Berajah Journal include: Theories and foundations of education and learning, Philosophy of education and learning, Education and learning technology, Educational Psychology, Education and learning media, Education evaluation, Education Management, Education and learning innovation, Education for all levels, Formal education, informal education, non-formal education, rural education, urban education, education and learning curriculum, educators and students, education and learning policies, learning methods and strategies, learning assessment, social culture, and personal development in various social science disciplines, natural sciences, and technology. The complete focus and scope of this journal can be checked via the following link: Focus and Scope Download Journal Template: ENGLISH | INDONESIA Submit your work to BERAJAH JOURNAL!
TRANSFORMASI KOMUNIKASI EDUKATIF DI ERA DIGITAL: ANALISIS KAJIAN PUSTAKA TENTANG PERAN INTERAKSI, TEKNOLOGI, DAN LITERASI DIGITAL DALAM MENINGKATKAN EFEKTIVITAS PROSES PEMBELAJARAN ABAD KE-21
The transformation of educational communication in the digital age has become a crucial issue in the context of 21st-century learning, along with changes in interaction patterns, the role of technology, and the need for digital literacy. This article systematically examines the role of interaction, technology, and digital literacy in improving the effectiveness of the learning process through a literature review approach. The results of the study show that information and communication technology has changed educational communication from a one-way model to a more dialogical, participatory, and digital platform-based interaction. On the other hand, digital literacy serves as a catalyst that strengthens students' critical thinking, collaboration, and communication skills, while ensuring the critical and responsible use of technology. Thus, the synergy between interaction, technology, and digital literacy is the main foundation for effective and relevant educational communication in 21st-century learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ignatius Septo Pramesworo, Rosdiana Mata, Rosijanih Arbie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KEPASTIAN HUKUM ATAS TUMPANG TINDIH (OVERLAPPING) HAK KEPEMILIKAN ATAS TANAH DI TINJAU HUKUM POSITIF DI INDONESIA
There has been little research on the regulation and resolution of land ownership rights overlap, and the general people does not have a clear understanding of their legal status when it comes to Indonesia's land tenure system. The primary objective of this research is to ascertain whether or whether there is a clear legal framework addressing the issue of overlapping land ownership rights; the secondary objective is to examine, from a positive law standpoint, how such rights are regulated and resolved under Indonesian law. The primary objective of this research is to clarify some aspects of the Main Agrarian Law, Government Regulation 24 of 1997 on Land Registration, and any other relevant implementing regulations. Normative juridical study often makes use of conceptual analysis and legislative examination as its methodology. A thorough understanding of legal texts is achieved by qualitative research that employs primary, secondary, and tertiary sources. Inadequate public legal awareness, weak inter-agency coordination, mismatches between juridical and physical data, and a lack of certainty in the Indonesian land registration system all contribute to the reality of overlapping land ownership rights, according to the study. Legal procedures or mediation at the National Land Agency are examples of conventional methods for resolving disputes; nevertheless, the success of these methods relies heavily on the precision and thoroughness of the records maintained by the parties. As a result, we need to streamline the process of registering property, consolidate data from different sources, make the publicity principle more transparent, strengthen internal oversight, standardize regulations, and increase public access to legal education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Gusti Ayu Devina Kumalasari, Komang Febrinayanti Dantes, Ni Luh Wayan Yasmiati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP INVESTOR ASING ATAS PENCABUTAN IJIN USAHA
Foreign investment is a crucial element in Indonesia's economic development. However, law enforcement against foreign investors still faces various challenges, particularly related to the revocation of business licenses, which can potentially lead to disputes. In late 2024, the Indonesian government, through the Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM), revoked the Business Identification Numbers (NIB) of 267 foreign investment (PMA) companies in Bali for failing to meet minimum capital requirements. This study aims to examine the process of revoking business licenses for foreign investors and the legal protection provided by the government following such revocation. The study employed a normative juridical method with a statutory and conceptual approach. The results indicate that business license revocation is carried out through a risk-based OSS mechanism and investment realization audits. Legal protection is provided in the form of preventive protection (procedural certainty, regulatory transparency, the OSS-RBA system) and repressive protection (complaint mechanisms, administrative dispute resolution, and international investment arbitration). This study emphasizes the importance of balancing state authority in regulating investment with investors' rights to legal certainty.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Putu Alya Regina Putri, I Nyoman Putu Budiartha, Anak Agung Istri Agung https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA TERHADAP PENYEBAR BERITA BOHONG (HOAX) DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM PIDANA INDONESIA PASCA PEMBARUAN KUHP DAN UU ITE
The era of digitalization, marked by the rapid development of information and communication technology, has brought significant transformations in patterns of social interaction within society. The ease of access to information through digital platforms, particularly social media, paradoxically has also triggered the proliferation of false information or hoaxes that threaten social stability, public order, and national security. This study analyzes the construction of criminal liability for perpetrators of spreading false information within the framework of Indonesian criminal law following the reform of the Criminal Code and the enactment of Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik. This research employs a normative juridical method using statute, conceptual, and case approaches. The results of the analysis indicate that criminal liability for the dissemination of hoaxes has undergone significant evolution with the reform of both substantive and procedural criminal law. The offense of spreading false information is now comprehensively regulated under the ITE Law 2024 as lex specialis, reinforced by provisions in the National Criminal Code concerning crimes against state security, public order, and fraud. The elements of the offense emphasize the presence of intent (dolus), the dissemination of electronic information, and the potential to cause public unrest or losses. However, law enforcement implementation still faces several challenges, including the complexity of digital evidence, the anonymity of perpetrators, and the necessity to balance legal protection with freedom of expression within a democratic rule-of-law state.
Copyright (c) 2022 Farah Salsabila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA DALAM TINDAK PIDANA KEKERASAN SEKSUAL TINJAUAN YURIDIS ATAS IMPLEMENTASI UU TPKS DAN KUHP NASIONAL
Sexual violence constitutes a fundamental crime against humanity that requires a comprehensive legal response grounded in a victim-centered perspective. This paper analyzes the construction of criminal liability in cases of sexual violence following the enactment of Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes and the Indonesian National Criminal Code (KUHP). This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The analysis shows that the Sexual Violence Law functions as lex specialis regulating sexual violence offenses comprehensively, while the National Criminal Code provides a general legal framework with a progressive expansion of the definition of rape under Article 473. The concept of criminal liability has evolved from a paradigm centered on physical violence toward one emphasizing violations of bodily autonomy and consent. However, its implementation faces challenges, including cross-sectoral coordination, limited institutional capacity of law enforcement officials, and persistent social stigma. This paper recommends strengthening victim assistance systems, enhancing forensic capacity, and harmonizing legal regulations in order to achieve restorative justice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmat Wijaya, Siti Humulhaer, Agus Alqodri, Gunarto Wardono, Raliyanto Budi Wikarno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPLEMENTASI KITAB UNDANG-UNDANG HUKUM PIDANA NASIONAL 2023 DALAM PERSPEKTIF YURISPRUDENSI KASUS KORUPSI ANALISIS PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH AGUNG TAHUN 2024
The reform of Indonesia’s criminal law system through the Indonesian National Criminal Code 2023, which came into effect on 2 January 2026, marks a new era in criminal law enforcement in Indonesia. This study analyzes the implementation of the National Criminal Code within the jurisprudential context of corruption cases based on decisions issued by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia in 2024. Using a normative–empirical juridical research method, this study examines 1,623 corruption case decisions adjudicated by the Corruption Court throughout 2024, as well as Supreme Court cassation decisions that have obtained final and binding legal force. The findings indicate that a transformation in the paradigm of sentencing from a punishment-oriented approach toward one emphasizing restoration and protection has begun to emerge in judicial decisions, particularly in the interpretation of the element of “unlawfulness,” which has been expanded to include violations of administrative regulations and corporate board decisions. This study recommends harmonizing the interpretation of the elements of corruption offenses between the National Criminal Code and the anti-corruption legal framework to prevent disparities in judicial decisions and to ensure legal certainty in the enforcement of corruption law following the implementation of the National Criminal Code.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Nurafendi, Siti Humulhaer, Agus Eko Setyawan, Eduardo Retno, Ronald Pasrah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE DAN REFORMULASI SANKSI PIDANA NARKOBA ANALISIS KRITIS IMPLEMENTASI UU PENYESUAIAN PIDANA DAN KEBIJAKAN REHABILITATIF DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM
This study analyzes recent developments in Indonesia’s drug policy following the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2025 on Sentencing Adjustment and the ongoing revision of Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, which has been proposed for inclusion in the 2025 Priority National Legislative Program (Prolegnas). The analysis focuses on the transformation of sentencing paradigms from a conventional retributive approach toward a restorative justice and rehabilitative approach, as well as the implications of abolishing special minimum penalties in narcotics cases on judicial discretion. This research employs a normative legal research method using conceptual, statutory, and philosophical approaches. The findings indicate that the Sentencing Adjustment Law has created broader space for judicial independence in imposing criminal sanctions, accommodated judicial practices reflected in Supreme Court Circular Letters (SEMA), and provided legitimacy for the application of restorative justice mechanisms for narcotics users. However, conceptual challenges remain regarding the use of the term restorative justice in the context of narcotics offenses, which are often categorized as victimless crimes and may be more appropriately addressed through a rehabilitation-oriented framework based on a medical model. This study recommends the harmonization of the Sentencing Adjustment Law with the ongoing revision of the Narcotics Law, the strengthening of rehabilitation facilities, and the development of specialized drug courts as dedicated institutions for handling narcotics-related cases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aditya Putra Setyawan, Siti Humulhaer, Muhammad Fajar Alfahimi, Wisnu Cahyo Apriliyadi, Dwi Mani Suci Purwanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA DALAM KASUS CYBERBULLYING ANALISIS YURISPRUDENSI DAN IMPLEMENTASI KUHP NASIONAL 2023 SERTA UU ITE
Cyberbullying has become a serious challenge in the digital era in Indonesia, with an alarming prevalence. Data from the Indonesian Child Protection Commission recorded 1,478 cases of bullying (both online and offline) in 2023, with significant psychological impacts that in some cases have led to suicide. This study analyzes the criminal liability of cyberbullying perpetrators from the perspective of the Indonesian National Criminal Code 2023, which will come into effect on 2 January 2026, and Law Number 1 of 2024 on Electronic Information and Transactions. Using a normative analytical juridical research method, this study examines the harmonization between the National Criminal Code as lex generalis and the ITE Law as lex specialis, as well as the shift in sentencing paradigms from a retributive approach toward a restorative one. The findings indicate that the National Criminal Code provides a stronger foundation for the enforcement of cyberbullying laws through the regulation of supervisory penalties, the application of restorative justice, and the strengthening of criminal sanctions. However, the main challenges remain the absence of a specific cyberbullying offense, the complexity of proving the element of “repetition,” and the anonymity of perpetrators in digital environments. This study recommends the establishment of a specific cyberbullying offense within the ITE Law and the development of law enforcement strategies that prioritize victim protection as well as the rehabilitation of offenders.
Copyright (c) 2022 Marsya Afifah Ramadhanti, Aam Amaliah, M.Pd, Nur Haliza Juniar, Rafa Fauziyyah Rizky, Yunita Amanda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HUBUNGAN ANTARA SELF-COMPASSION DENGAN STRES AKADEMIK PADA REMAJA SMA DI DENPASAR
This study aimed to examine the relationship between self-compassion and academic stress among senior high school adolescents in Denpasar. Academic stress is a prevalent psychological issue among adolescents due to increasing academic demands and pressures. Self-compassion is conceptualized as a psychological resource that enables individuals to respond to difficulties more adaptively through self-kindness, self-acceptance, and healthy emotional regulation. This study employed a quantitative correlational design involving 401 senior high school adolescents in Denpasar selected through a predetermined sampling technique. Data were collected using the Self-Compassion Scale and the Academic Stress Scale. Spearman’s Rho correlation analysis was conducted because the data were not normally distributed. The findings revealed a significant negative correlation between self-compassion and academic stress (ρ = −0.274; p < 0.05), indicating that higher levels of self-compassion are associated with lower levels of academic stress. These results suggest that self-compassion functions as a protective factor in reducing academic stress among senior high school adolescents in Denpasar
Copyright (c) 2026 Putu Tezya Arisantika, I G A A Yunita Utami, Lidia Sandra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PENGARUH MATERIAL RETURN TO WAREHOUSE, LEAD TIME, DAN FORECAST ACCURACY TERHADAP EFISIENSI PENGELOLAAN SPAREPARTS PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR
Effective spare parts management plays an important role in supporting the operational activities of manufacturing companies. This study aims to analyze the effect of Material Return to Warehouse (MRW), Lead Time, and Forecast Accuracy on spare parts management efficiency. This research used a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to respondents involved in spare parts management in manufacturing companies. The results show that Material Return to Warehouse, Lead Time, and Forecast Accuracy partially and simultaneously have a significant effect on spare parts management efficiency. Effective MRW management can improve inventory accuracy and optimize the utilization of available materials. In addition, proper lead time management and accurate forecasting systems also play an important role in improving spare parts inventory efficiency. The results of this study are expected to contribute to improving the effectiveness of inventory management systems and supporting the operational activities of manufacturing companies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ludhiansyah Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TANTANGAN DAN STRATEGI KOPERASI DALAM MENGHADAPI ERA DIGITAL PERSPEKTIF TATA KELOLA DAN AKUNTANSI FORENSIK
This study aims to analyze the challenges and strategies of cooperatives in facing the digital era from the perspectives of governance and forensic accounting. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) by examining various scientific sources, including journals, books, and official reports relevant to the research topic. The data were analyzed systematically to identify patterns, empirical findings, and research gaps related to digital transformation, good cooperative governance, internal control systems, and the application of forensic accounting in cooperatives. The findings indicate that the success of cooperative digital transformation is strongly influenced by the implementation of good governance principles, the strengthening of technology-based internal control systems, and the integration of forensic accounting approaches within supervisory mechanisms. The application of investigative auditing, digital data analysis, and continuous auditing systems has proven effective in enhancing the prevention and detection of fraud. The integration of sound governance practices, digital technology, and forensic accounting creates a model of digital cooperative management that is transparent, accountable, and sustainable. This study is expected to serve as a reference for cooperative managers and policymakers in formulating strategies for cooperative development in the digital era.
Copyright (c) 2026 Faizul Idris, Siti Humulhaer, Gatot Subroto, Andriyani Susilawati, Ashuri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REKONSTRUKSI PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA DALAM KASUS PENGANIAYAAN BERAT YANG MENYEBABKAN KEMATIAN ANALISIS YURIDIS TERHADAP PROBLEMATIC QUALIFICATION DAN IMPLEMENTASI KUHP BARU
This study analyzes the problems of legal qualification and criminal liability in cases of aggravated assault resulting in death under Article 354 paragraph (2) of the Indonesian Criminal Code, examined from the perspectives of substantive and procedural criminal law. The analysis focuses on the complexity of proving the element of intent (dolus), particularly the distinction between intent causing serious bodily injury and intent resulting in death, as well as the implications of the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the New Criminal Code for the criminal sentencing system. The research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings reveal the existence of a grey area between aggravated assault resulting in death and homicide under Article 338 of the Criminal Code, which frequently leads to disparities in judicial decisions. The new Criminal Code provides clearer systematic provisions regarding the qualification of criminal offenses; however, challenges remain in proving the causal link between the act of assault and the resulting death. This study recommends the development of alternative causality theories in the context of aggravated assault cases, particularly through the application of a foreseeability test, as well as the incorporation of restorative justice mechanisms as an alternative resolution in cases involving serious assault with asymmetric power relations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Akhmad Faishal, Siti Humulhaer, Bachtiar Kemal Harahap, M Zaenudin Ibrahim, Mochamad Fachri Muzhaffar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PEMBUKTIAN UNSUR PERENCANAAN DALAM TINDAK PIDANA PEMBUNUHAN BERENCANA REKONSTRUKSI TEORI DOLUS DAN TINDAK LANJUT IMPLEMENTASI KUHP BARU
This study analyzes the problems of proving the element of premeditation (voorbedachte raad) in the crime of premeditated murder under Article 340 of the Indonesian Criminal Code and Article 459 of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the New Criminal Code. The analysis is conducted from the perspective of the theory of intent (dolus) and criminal evidence. The focus of the study lies in the complexity of proving the three requirements of premeditation: (1) the formation of intent in a calm and reflective state, (2) the availability of sufficient time for deliberation, and (3) the execution of the act in a composed state. The research also examines the implications of the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 on the formulation and interpretation of premeditated murder. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings indicate that proving the element of premeditation presents significant epistemological challenges due to its subjective and internal nature. As a result, judges often encounter difficulties in determining whether an adequate “period of reflection” existed prior to the commission of the crime. The New Criminal Code retains the fundamental structure of premeditated murder but removes the phrase “intentionally” in the formulation of Article 459, implying that the element of premeditation inherently encompasses intent. This study recommends the development of an expanded theory of dolus informed by criminal neuroscience, as well as the broader use of electronic evidence to demonstrate the existence of premeditation. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of clear evidentiary guidelines within the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court to reduce inconsistencies and disparities in judicial decisions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahiruddin, Siti Humulhaer, Anharyanto, Firmansyah Mahmud, Asri Cahyadi, Oke Wiredarme https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALISIS PENEGAKAN HUKUM TERHADAP TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI DI SEKTOR PELAYANAN KESEHATAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM PIDANA DAN HUKUM ADMINISTRASI NEGARA
Corruption in the healthcare sector is a serious problem that threatens the fundamental right of citizens to quality healthcare services. This study aims to analyze law enforcement against corruption in the healthcare sector from the perspectives of criminal law and state administrative law in Indonesia. A normative legal research method is employed using a statutory and conceptual approach. The findings reveal that law enforcement still faces significant challenges, including overlapping authority among the KPK, Attorney General's Office, and Police; weak internal oversight mechanisms; and a lack of transparency in healthcare procurement. From a criminal law perspective, Law No. 31/1999 as amended by Law No. 20/2001 needs to be synergized with administrative sanction mechanisms to create comprehensive deterrence. The study concludes that institutional reform, strengthened law enforcement capacity, and regulatory harmonization between criminal and administrative law are urgently needed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mhd. Ihwanuddin Hasibuan, Ardina Fariani Lubis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TINDAK PIDANA PEMERASAN YANG BERUJUNG PADA PEMBUNUHAN ANALISIS YURIDIS DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM PIDANA INDONESIA
The criminal act of extortion that results in murder is a complex criminal phenomenon that requires in-depth analysis from the perspective of Indonesian criminal law. This study aims to analyze the criminal liability of perpetrators of extortion that results in the death of the victim, as well as to examine the relevant juridical aspects in handling such cases. The research method used is a normative-empirical legal research method with a case approach. The results of the study indicate that the criminal act of extortion leading to murder is regulated under Article 368 paragraph (2) in conjunction with Article 365 paragraphs (3) and (4) of the Indonesian Criminal Code, with a maximum imprisonment penalty of up to 15 years and even the death penalty under certain circumstances. This study recommends the need for consistent law enforcement and the harmonization of statutory regulations in order to provide maximum protection for victims.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ronny Erlando, Siti Humulhaer, Dian Retno Widayati, Teddy T Pingak, Nida Lailatu Syabani, Al Bukhori https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HAK MILIK ATAS ASET DIGITAL DI ERA BLOCKCHAIN: TANTANGAN HUKUM PERDATA TERHADAP NFT, TOKENISASI TANAH VIRTUAL, DAN PERLINDUNGAN PEMILIK DI METAVERSE
The development of blockchain technology has given rise to new digital assets such as NFTs and the tokenisation of virtual land in the metaverse, challenging the concept of property rights under Indonesian civil law. This literature review analyses the issues surrounding the recognition of digital assets as “property” under Article 499 of the Civil Code, the duality between token property rights and content copyright, and the challenges of cross-border jurisdiction in law enforcement. Through a normative-legal approach, it was found that a synthesis of the Civil Code, the ITE Law, and the PDP Law can provide basic protection, but requires specific regulations to recognise ‘virtual objects’ as a new legal category. Key recommendations include the enactment of a digital assets law and blockchain-based ADR mechanisms to ensure legal certainty for owners within the metaverse ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sendi Sanjaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HUKUM PERDATA DI ERA DIGITAL: PERLINDUNGAN DATA PRIBADI DAN KONTRAK ELEKTRONIK DALAM TRANSFORMASI TEKNOLOGI
Indonesian civil law is undergoing a digital transformation through the protection of personal data (Personal Data Protection Act No. 27/2022) and electronic contracts (Electronic Information and Transactions Act & Government Regulation on Electronic Transactions No. 71/2019), which adapt the Civil Code to the era of AI, blockchain and e-commerce—projected to be worth Rp 4,500 trillion by 2026— where personal data is recognised as a non-material asset with subject rights such as the right to be forgotten and penalties of 2% of global turnover, whilst electronic contracts are valid under Article 18 of the ITE Law and TTE, equivalent to authentic evidence for pacta sunt servanda. This normative literature review identifies challenges including 156 million data breach cases, the vulnerability of digital logs as evidence, consumer information asymmetry, and the weakness of cross-border ODR, thereby recommending reforms to the Civil Code for digital assets, an independent Data Protection Authority, a national ODR platform, and the integration of mandatory data protection clauses to ensure progressive civil legal certainty.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gunawan Widjaja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TANGGUNG JAWAB HUKUM DAN PERLINDUNGAN TENAGA PERAWAT DALAM PRAKTIK PELAYANAN KESEHATAN BERBASIS DIGITAL: KAJIAN PUSTAKA ATAS REGULASI DAN ETIKA PROFESI DI INDONESIA
Digital healthcare services in Indonesia have brought about significant changes in nursing practice, whilst also introducing new complexities in legal and professional ethical aspects. This article aims to analyse the legal responsibilities and protections of nurses in the practice of digital healthcare services, as well as to examine the relevance of national regulations and professional nursing ethics in Indonesia. The method used is a normative-analytical approach involving a literature review of laws, government regulations, Ministry of Health regulations, and scientific journals on ethics, nursing law, electronic medical records, telemedicine, and telenursing. The findings indicate that nurses in digital practice remain subject to criminal, civil, and administrative legal liability, whilst legal protection is only afforded if actions comply with professional standards, ethics, standard operating procedures (SOPs), and applicable regulations. On the other hand, professional nursing ethics and digital ethics serve as crucial pillars for nurses in safeguarding patient autonomy, privacy, and data security, as well as limiting the exercise of authority in the digital domain. Consequently, this article emphasises the need for adaptive regulatory strengthening, the development of specific SOPs for digital practice, and a strong integration between legal and professional ethical aspects to ensure the protection of nursing staff whilst maintaining the quality and safety of technology-based healthcare services in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hotmaria Hertawaty Sijabat, Gunawan Widjaja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KONSEP DASAR AKUNTANSI SEBAGAI LANDASAN PENYUSUNAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN: KAJIAN PUSTAKA TENTANG PRINSIP ENTITAS, AKRUAL, KESINAMBUNGAN USAHA, DAN HARGA PEROLEHAN
This article examines the fundamental concepts of accounting as the basis for the preparation of financial statements through a literature review of four key principles: the entity principle, the accrual basis, the going concern assumption, and the historical cost principle. The entity principle emphasises the separation between the business entity and its owners, ensuring that financial statements objectively reflect the company’s financial position. The accrual basis ensures that revenue and expenses are recognised in the period in which they occur, rather than when cash is received or paid, thereby making financial performance more relevant and comparable. The going concern assumption allows for the measurement of assets and liabilities under normal conditions, including the use of periodic depreciation, whilst the historical cost principle provides an objective and verifiable basis for the measurement of assets and liabilities. The findings of the study indicate that the four fundamental accounting concepts are interrelated and form a crucial foundation for maintaining the consistency, reliability, and relevance of financial statement information for users.
FAKTOR - FAKTOR PENENTU MOTIVASI KERJA GEN Z DI PT INDOGUNA BALI
Generational shifts in the workforce have become a significant challenge for organizations worldwide. Generation Z, born between 1997 and 2012, now dominates the workforce and is characterized by being tech-savvy, adaptable, and valuing work-life balance, job meaningfulness, and personal development. Work motivation is a crucial aspect as it directly affects productivity, loyalty, and organizational performance. PT Indoguna Bali, a premium food distribution company employing many Gen Z workers, faces the challenge of maintaining employee motivation amid the demands for work flexibility, technology integration, and adaptive leadership. This study aims to examine whether work-life balance, digital workplace environment, job meaningfulness, and leadership style individually influence the work motivation of Gen Z employees. A quantitative method was employed with a population of 55 Gen Z employees at PT Indoguna Bali. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 26, including classical assumption tests and multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicate that work-life balance, digital workplace environment, job meaningfulness, and leadership style each significantly affect the work motivation of Gen Z employees at PT Indoguna Bali. Recommendations include improving work flexibility, enhancing digital technology, communicating job contributions, strengthening leader communication and engagement, and providing recognition and career development to boost motivation. Future research is suggested to include additional variables such as organizational culture, job satisfaction, or other psychological factors and to use a larger sample or longitudinal design for more generalizable and in-depth results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nyoman Panji Kesuma, Ni Kadek Winda Yanti, I Gst. Ayu Wirati Adriati, Nuning Indah Pratiwi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROBLEMATIKA PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA KORPORASI DALAM TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI STUDI KASUS MEGA KORUPSI PERTAMINA DAN IMPLEMENTASI RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
The nature of corruption in Indonesia has undergone a significant transformation from individual corruption to systemic corruption involving corporations as the main actors. This paper analyses the issue of corporate criminal liability in the 2025 PT Pertamina (Persero) mega-corruption case, which caused losses to the state amounting to Rp193.7 trillion, and examines the concept of restorative justice as an alternative means of resolving corruption cases. Using a normative legal research method with a legislative, conceptual and case-based approach, this study finds that the existing legal framework has weaknesses in holding corporations accountable as perpetrators of systemic corruption. Constitutional Court Decision No. 142/PUU-XXIII/2024 and developments in the Anti-Corruption Law indicate the need for a normative reconstruction of corporate criminal liability. On the other hand, the application of restorative justice in corruption remains controversial given the extraordinary nature of corruption, which demands a balanced repressive-preventive approach. The research findings recommend the regulation of illicit enrichment and non-conviction-based asset forfeiture as effective legal instruments to maximise the recovery of state assets.
Copyright (c) 2026 Juhana Nuryana, Siti Humulhaer, Muslimin, Rifqi Syifa’ul Qolbi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PENGARUH REPUTASI PERUSAHAAN, E-RECRUITMENT, DAN KOMPENSASI TERHADAP MINAT MELAMAR KERJA (STUDI KASUS GEN Z DIKOTA SEMARANG)
This study aims to examine how company reputation, e-recruitment, and compensation influence Generation Z's interest in applying for jobs in Semarang. The approach used was quantitative with a survey method. Data were obtained through questionnaires completed by 100 respondents from Generation Z in Semarang. The analysis technique used was multiple linear regression using SPSS version 25 to test the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The results showed that company reputation and e-recruitment have a positive and significant influence on Generation Z's interest in applying for jobs, while compensation did not show a significant influence. From the analysis, company reputation is the most dominant factor. This indicates that Generation Z prioritizes company reputation in choosing a workplace, while e-recruitment plays a supporting factor that increases interest through the ease and efficiency of the online recruitment process. These findings confirm that company reputation and the ease of digital recruitment are the main factors that drive Generation Z's interest. Therefore, companies are advised to optimize e-recruitment and build a good reputation as a strategy to attract the best talent from Generation Z.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kayani Jesiska, Hasan Abdul Rozak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SYMBOLIC MEANINGS AND THE STRUCTURE OF DEATH RITUALS DISCOURSE IN RURAL JAVANESE SOCIETY: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY IN MEJING VILLAGE, MAGELANG REGENCY
The death ritual is one of the ritual which is important in the life of Javanese community. One of community that still holds the ritual is Mejing village’ community. The purpose of this study is to analyze the symbolic meaning, and structure in the death rituals of the Mejing Village community in Magelang Regency, which is part of Javanese culture. There, the community understands death rituals not only as a form of respect for the deceased but also a cultural practice that reflects the community's belief system, social values, and social relations. The research method is a qualitative ethnographic approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. The results indicate that the death rituals in Mejing Village have structured stages and are rich in symbolic meaning, including tahlilan, kenduri, and cultural practices that reflect the values of social solidarity and respect for ancestors. This research provides an academic contribution to the study of cultural anthropology and efforts to preserve local traditions amid social change.
Copyright (c) 2026 Puji Laksono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERANCANGAN MEDIA KOMUNIKASI VISUAL VIDEO EDUKASI IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM MERDEKA DI LOMBOK TIMUR
This study aims to design an educational video about the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum in elementary schools (SD) throughout Sakra District, East Lombok. The method used in designing this video is the pipeline method, with qualitative data types. Data were obtained from two sources, namely primary data from elementary school teachers throughout Sakra District, and secondary data including scientific journals, articles, books, and other sources related to the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis used three main stages: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions/verification. By presenting a new approach in this educational video, it is hoped that it can help school supervisors in delivering materials and support teachers' understanding regarding the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum. The resulting educational video is expected to not only be a source of learning for school supervisors and teachers, but also provide long-term benefits for the community and the development of educational video design in the future.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Nyoman Miyarta Yasa, Munadiyal Jananti Janap https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA TERSANGKA TINDAK PIDANA TERORISME
This study aims to examine the provisions for protecting the human rights of terrorism suspects in Law Number 5 of 2018 and to formulate a more balanced criminal law policy to address existing normative weaknesses. The background to this research is based on the widespread allegations of human rights violations during the arrest and detention of terrorism suspects, one example of which was the death of Siyono in 2016. This study uses a normative juridical method by examining primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations, secondary legal materials in the form of literature and previous research, and tertiary legal materials to complement the analysis. The results indicate that although Article 25 paragraph (7) and Article 28 paragraph (3) of Law Number 5 of 2018 mandate respect for human rights during the arrest and detention process, the provisions on sanctions in Article 25 paragraph (8) and Article 28 paragraph (4) remain vague because they do not specifically specify the type and severity of sanctions. This ambiguity in norms creates legal uncertainty that contradicts the principle of lex certa, the theory of natural rights, and the principle of due process of law. This research concludes that Law Number 5 of 2018 has three structural weaknesses: the lack of firm sanctions for officials who violate human rights, the absence of an independent oversight body, and the lack of guaranteed legal assistance for suspects. Therefore, it is necessary to add new articles containing firm criminal and administrative sanctions, an independent judicial oversight mechanism, and the obligation to provide free legal assistance to terrorism suspects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eva Noviyana, Usman, Elizabeth Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PEMBARUAN HUKUM PIDANA KORUPSI PASCA REVISI UU NOMOR 1 TAHUN 2025 ANALISIS YURIDIS ATAS PERLINDUNGAN PEJABAT BUMN DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP EFEKTIVITAS PENEGAKAN HUKUM
The amendment to Law No. 1 of 2025 amending Law No. 31 of 1999 on the Eradication of Corruption Offences (the Anti-Corruption Law) introduces new dynamics into Indonesia’s criminal law system regarding corruption, particularly in relation to the management of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). This study aims to conduct a legal analysis of the updates to corruption criminal law following the amendment of Law No. 1 of 2025, focusing on the protection of SOE officials and its implications for the effectiveness of law enforcement. Using a normative legal research method with a legislative and conceptual analysis approach, this study found that the revision of Law No. 1 of 2025 introduced a distinction between legitimate business risks and corrupt acts through the strengthening of the business judgment rule and the removal of the status of public officials for SOE officials (Article 9G). Although this amendment provides legal certainty and protection against the criminalisation of business policies that are not malicious in nature, there is a risk of moral hazard and a weakening of the authority of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). This study recommends the need for regulatory harmonisation among law enforcement agencies, the strengthening of internal oversight systems within SOEs, and a re-evaluation of Article 9G to maintain a balance between legal protection and the eradication of corruption.
Copyright (c) 2026 Opik Sepriadi, Siti Humulhaer, Salman Al Ghifari, Unggul Budi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KONTRIBUSI KEPEMIMPINAN KEPALA SEKOLAH ISLAM BERBASIS SERVANT LEADERSHIP TERHADAP DAYA SAING DAN SPMB
This study aims to examine the role of Islamic school principals’ leadership oriented toward servant leadership in enhancing school competitiveness while supporting the successful implementation of the Student Admission System (SPMB). This research employs a qualitative approach using a case study method at an Islamic educational institution. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis, involving various stakeholders such as the principal, teachers, educational staff, and parents of students. The collected data were analyzed through processes of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, and their validity was ensured through source and technique triangulation. The results reveal that the leadership of Islamic school principals who apply servant leadership values such as trustworthiness (amanah), service (khidmah), exemplary conduct, and empowerment plays a significant role in improving the quality of educational services and strengthening the school’s positive image in the community. Efforts to enhance competitiveness are carried out through strengthening academic quality, instilling Islamic values, and developing innovative flagship programs that align with community needs. These efforts have led to increased public trust, as reflected in the rising number of applicants and the improved quality of prospective students in the SPMB process. Therefore, this study confirms that servant leadership-based Islamic school leadership is an effective strategy for enhancing school competitiveness and ensuring the success of student admissions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sultan Syah, Akhmad Shunhaji, Abd. Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REKONSTRUKSI PENEGAKAN HUKUM TINDAK PIDANA KEKERASAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF KEADILAN RESTORATIF PASCA UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 12 TAHUN 2022 TENTANG TINDAK PIDANA KEKERASAN SEKSUAL DAN KITAB UNDANG-UNDANG HUKUM PIDANA NOMOR 1 TAHUN 2023
This study analyses the paradigm shift in the enforcement of criminal law relating to acts of violence in Indonesia following the enactment of Law No. 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Offences (UU TPKS) and the Criminal Code No. 1 of 2023 (New Criminal Code). Employing a normative legal research method with a conceptual and legislative approach, this study traces the evolution from a retributive paradigm towards restorative justice in the handling of criminal cases involving violence. The findings indicate that the integration of restorative justice into the Indonesian criminal justice system presents substantive challenges regarding the balance between victim protection and offender rehabilitation. The UU TPKS provides an explicit legal basis for the application of restorative justice through Article 23, which regulates the discontinuation of prosecution based on restorative justice, whilst the New KUHP strengthens victim protection through more comprehensive provisions on physical violence. However, practical implementation faces structural barriers in the form of limited capacity among law enforcement officials, resistance from patriarchal culture, and the absence of standard operating procedures. This study recommends policy reform through the development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) for restorative justice, the strengthening of independent mediation institutions, and the harmonisation of the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) with the TPKS Law to realise a criminal justice system oriented towards recovery and reconciliation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dadang Rachmat, Siti Humulhaer, Dede Agus Sodikin, Djamal Efendi, Ervawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM YANG EFEKTIF: SEBUAH KAJIAN PUSTAKA
Islamic Religious Education (IRE) plays a strategic role in shaping the character and spirituality of learners; however, the effectiveness of its teaching is often hampered by the use of conventional teaching models that are insufficiently relevant to the demands of the digital age. This literature review aims to identify and analyse effective PAI learning models based on a synthesis of Islamic educational theory, modern learning theory, and the latest empirical findings. The method employed is a qualitative literature review using a descriptive-analytical approach. The research findings indicate that an effective PAI learning model is one capable of harmoniously integrating the three main philosophical dimensions, namely ta’lim (knowledge transfer), ta’dib (cultivation of manners), and tarbiyah (holistic development), whilst selectively adopting the principles of constructivism, humanism, and behaviourism. Models such as cooperative learning, problem-based learning (Problem-Based Learning), discussion (hiwar), and habit formation have proven effective in enhancing cognitive understanding and the internalisation of values. In the digital age, the integration of blended learning, flipped classroom, and Project-Based Learning models, enriched with interactive media and a contextual approach (Contextual Teaching and Learning), further optimises the relevance and impact of PAI learning. The success of implementing these models depends on teachers’ competence, technological infrastructure, supportive school policies, and authentic assessment systems. This study concludes that there is no universal model; PAI teachers need to develop a flexible and contextual eclectic approach. The practical implications of this study provide a conceptual framework for teachers and educational institutions to develop innovative and transformative Islamic Religious Education (IRE) practices capable of shaping a generation of Muslims who are outstanding, moderate, and of noble character in the 21st century.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indah Rahayu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0